Upconversion nanoparticles demonstrate unique optical properties, making them attractive for applications in bioimaging, sensing, and medical treatments. However, their potential toxicity remains a considerable concern. This review aims to provide a in-depth analysis of the toxicity associated with upconversion nanoparticles. It examines various as

Gold sputtering targets are essential components in various thin-film deposition processes, owing to their exceptional characteristics. These targets, often made of high-purity gold, are used in a sputtering system to generate an ionized plasma that deposits a thin layer of gold onto a substrate. The resulting gold films exhibit remarkable conducti